tPA Contradictions for Ischemic Stroke

tPA Contradictions for Ischemic Stroke

Lists clinical conditions excluding patients from thrombolysis

tPA Contradictions for Ischemic Stroke

tPA Contradictions for Ischemic Stroke

Lists clinical conditions excluding patients from thrombolysis

Eligibility for tPA
Age ≥18
Clinical diagnosis of ischemic stroke causing neurological deficit
Time of symptom onset <4.5 hours
See Additional Warnings to tPA at 3-4.5hr below
Absolute Contraindications
Evidence of intracranial hemorrhage on pretreatment noncontrast head CT
Clinical presentation suggestive of subarachnoid hemorrhage even with normal CT
Active internal bleeding
Known history of intracranial hemorrhage
Known intracranial neoplasm, arteriovenous malformation, or aneurysm
Recent (within 3 months) intracranial or intraspinal surgery or serious head trauma
Previous ischemic stroke within 3 months
Arterial puncture at noncompressible site in previous 7 days
Blood pressure >185 mmHg systolic or >110 mmHg diastolic
Refractory to anti-hypertensive treatment
Platelet count <100,000 /µL
Heparin received within 48 hours with elevated aPTT
Current anticoagulant use with INR >1.7 or PT >15 seconds
Current use of direct thrombin inhibitors or factor Xa inhibitors with evidence of anticoagulant effect
As indicated by abnormal aPTT, INR, platelet count, or appropriate factor Xa activity assays
Blood glucose <50 mg/dL (2.7 mmol/L)
CT shows multilobar infarction (hypodensity >1/3 cerebral hemisphere)
Relative Contraindications
Minor or rapidly improving stroke symptoms
Pregnancy
Seizure at onset with postictal residual neurological impairments
Major surgery or serious trauma within previous 14 days
Gastrointestinal or urinary tract hemorrhage within previous 21 days
Acute myocardial infarction within previous 3 months
Age >80 years
Additional exclusion for treatment from 3-4.5 hours from symptom onset
Severe stroke as assessed clinically (e.g. NIHSS >25)
Additional exclusion for treatment from 3-4.5 hours from symptom onset
Taking an oral anticoagulant regardless of INR
Additional exclusion for treatment from 3-4.5 hours from symptom onset
History of both diabetes mellitus and prior ischemic stroke
Additional exclusion for treatment from 3-4.5 hours from symptom onset
Not eligible for tPA
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Instructions

Intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), also known as alteplase, is the only FDA-approved pharmacologic treatment for acute ischemic stroke within the therapeutic window. Correct patient selection is critical because tPA can significantly improve functional outcomes when used appropriately, but it also carries a risk of intracranial hemorrhage if given to the wrong patients.

Before administration, clinicians must:

  1. Confirm diagnosis of acute ischemic stroke through clinical assessment and non-contrast head CT (to rule out hemorrhage).

  2. Verify that the patient is within the recommended time window (generally ≤4.5 hours from symptom onset).

  3. Review absolute and relative contraindications to tPA use.

Overview
When to use
Why use
Evidences
  • Scientific statements explain the rationale behind inclusion and exclusion criteria, noting that advanced age, antiplatelet therapy, or very high NIHSS do not by themselves preclude benefit in the earliest window when contraindications are managed.

https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/str.0000000000000158

Overview
When to use
Why use
Evidences

tPA works by dissolving the clot that is blocking blood flow in the brain, restoring perfusion to affected areas. While it can reduce disability, it also increases the risk of bleeding, including symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage. This is why strict eligibility criteria exist.

Contraindications are divided into:

  • Absolute contraindications – Situations where tPA should not be administered due to unacceptable risk.

  • Relative contraindications – Situations where risks may outweigh benefits, requiring careful consideration.

These criteria are based on landmark trials like the NINDS study, subsequent AHA/ASA guidelines and real-world registry data.

Overview
When to use
Why use
Evidences
  • Scientific statements explain the rationale behind inclusion and exclusion criteria, noting that advanced age, antiplatelet therapy, or very high NIHSS do not by themselves preclude benefit in the earliest window when contraindications are managed.

https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/str.0000000000000158

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